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Otfried Nippold (May 21, 1864 – July 27, 1938) was a German–Swiss jurist, pacifist and internationalist.〔Root, Elihu. (1912). (''Towards Making Peace Permanent'' (Nobel Peace Prize Lecture), Note 10. )〕 He was also an academic and a prolific author. Nippold was born in Wiesbaden, Germany as the son of Professor Friedrich Nippold of the University of Bern and the University of Jena.〔Nakai Akio. ( ''"Otfried Nippold und der Erste Weltkrieg: Kriegsursache und Kriegsschuld nach einem Schweizer Rechtsgelehrten"'' ("Otfried Nippold and the First World War: Causes and Costs of War parsed by a Swiss Lawyer"), ) ''Studien des Instituts für die Kultur der deutschsprachigen Länder.'' Vol.3, pp. 51–52.〕 He attended gymnasium in Burgdorf and in Bern and studied law at the University of Bern, University of Halle, University of Tübingen and at the University of Jena. At the Jena, he earned his doctorate in 1886.〔Nakai, p. 52.〕 In 1889, Nippon was invited by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor (''O-yatoi gaikokujin'').〔Nakai, p. 52; Schenk, Paul-Christian. (1997). ''Der deutsche Anteil an der Gestaltung des modernen japanischen Rechts- und Verfassungswesens: deutsche Rechtsberater im Japan der Meiji-Zeit,'' pp. 249, 338.〕 He taught at the Law School of the University of Tokyo.〔Nakai, p. 52.〕 On his return to Europe on the conclusion of his three-year contract, he worked as a lawyer in Thun and Bern and acquired Swiss citizenship in 1905. The same year, he passed his habilitation in international law at the University of Bern. After a brief stay in Frankfurt he returned to Switzerland after the outbreak of the First World War. Following the war, he became President of the High Court of the Territory of the Saar Basin in Saarlouis in 1921.〔Schenk, p. 338.〕 In 1927, he had become a professor of the University of Bern, and returned to Switzerland to assume his seat in 1934. He died in 1938 in Switzerland == Legal theorist == Nippold was one of the first to propose a league of nations. His book, ''Development of International Law After the World War,'' was drafted during the First World War. In this text, Nippold argued that the conflict created a need for a radical reinterpretation of the law of war. He reasoned that modern war cannot be given the character of a legal institution because it is really a negation of law; and therefore, war itself is an illustration of "self-help" on the part of the aggressor.〔(''Development of International Law After the World War,'' ) ''Hein Cite.'' Vo. 43, No. 204 (2004), p. 2.〕 Nippold was a leader in the slow transformation of treaties from bilateral alliances or trade agreements to more "normative" instruments; and in the 20th century, there came to be a perceived distinction between regular treaties and "law-making" or "quasi-legislative" conventions. In 1894, Nippold summarized a point of view which would continue to evolve: "International treaties in their totality will be the Law-book of international law."〔Koskenniemi, Martti. ("International Legislation Today: Limits and Possibilities," ) ''Wisconsin International Law Review'' (2008). Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 67. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Otfried Nippold」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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